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Nigerian 419 Scams
The Nigerian Advance Fee Scam, also known internationally as â4-1-9â fraud
after the section of the Nigerian penal code which addresses fraud schemes, has
been around since the early 1980's. There is a perception that no one is prone
to enter into such an obviously suspicious relationship, and be conned by such a
scheme, however, the Financial Crimes Division of the U.S. Secret Service
receives approximately 100 telephone calls from victims and potential victims
and 300-500 pieces of related correspondence per day!
The Nigerian 419 scams use the following tactics:
An individual or company receives a letter, fax or email from an alleged
official representing a foreign government or agency;
An offer is made to transfer millions of dollars in âover invoiced contractâ
funds into your personal bank account;
You are encouraged to travel overseas to complete the transaction;
You are requested to provide blank company letterhead forms, banking account
information and telephone/fax numbers;
You receive numerous documents with official looking stamps, seals and logos
testifying to the authenticity of the proposal;
Eventually you must provide up front or advance fees for various taxes,
attorney fees, transaction fees or bribes;
Other forms of 419 schemes include: C.O.D. of goods or services, real estate
ventures, purchases of crude oil at reduced prices, beneficiary of a will,
recipient of an award and paper currency conversion.
The most common forms of these fraudulent business proposals fall into seven
main categories:
Disbursement of money from wills
Contract Fraud (C.O.D. of goods or services)
Purchase of Real Estate
Conversion of Hard Currency
Transfer of funds from over invoiced contracts
Sale of crude oil at below market prices.
The most prevalent and successful cases of Advance Fee Fraud is the fund
transfer scam. In this scheme, a company or individual will typically receive an
unsolicited letter by mail from a Nigerian claiming to be a senior civil
servant. In the letter, the Nigerian will inform the recipient that he is
seeking a reputable foreign company or individual into whose account he can
deposit funds ranging from $10-$60 million that the Nigerian government overpaid
on some procurement contract.
The criminals obtain the names of potential victims from a variety of sources
including trade journals, professional directories, newspapers, and commercial
libraries. They do not target a single company, but rather send out mailings en
masse. The sender declares that he is a senior civil servant in one of the
Nigerian Ministries, usually the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC).
The letters refer to investigations of previous contracts awarded by prior
regimes alleging that many contracts were over invoiced. Rather than return the
money to the government, they desire to transfer the money to a foreign account.
The sums to be transferred average between $10,000,000 to $60,000,000 and the
recipient is usually offered a commission up to 30 percent for assisting in the
transfer.
Initially, the intended victim is instructed to provide company letterheads
and pro forma invoicing that will be used to show completion of the contract.
One of the reasons is to use the victim's letterhead to forge letters of
recommendation to other victim companies and to seek out a travel visa from the
American Embassy in Lagos. The victim is told that the completed contracts will
be submitted for approval to the Central Bank of Nigeria. Upon approval, the
funds will be remitted to an account supplied by the intended victim.
The goal of the criminal is to delude the target into thinking that he is
being drawn into a very lucrative, albeit questionable, arrangement. The
intended victim must be reassured and confident of the potential success of the
deal. He will become the primary supporter of the scheme and willingly
contribute a large amount of money when the deal is threatened. The term "when"
is used because the con-within-the-con is the scheme will be threatened in order
to persuade the victim to provide a large sum of money to save the
venture.
The letter, while appearing transparent and even ridiculous to most,
unfortunately is growing in its effectiveness. It sets the stage and is the
opening round of a two-layered scheme or scheme within a scheme. The fraudster
will eventually reach someone who, while skeptical, desperately wants the deal
to be genuine.
Victims are almost always requested to travel to Nigeria or a border country
to complete a transaction. Individuals are often told that a visa will not be
necessary to enter the country. The Nigerian con artists may then bribe airport
officials to pass the victims through Immigration and Customs. Because it is a
serious offense in Nigeria to enter without a valid visa, the victim's illegal
entry may be used by the fraudsters as leverage to coerce the victims into
releasing funds. Violence and threats of physical harm may be employed to
further pressure victims. In June of 1995, an American was murdered in Lagos,
Nigeria, while pursuing a 4-1-9 scam, and numerous other foreign nationals have
been reported as missing.
Victims are often convinced of the authenticity of Advance Fee Fraud schemes
by the forged or false documents bearing apparently official Nigerian government
letterhead, seals, as well as false letters of credit, payment schedules and
bank drafts. The fraudster may establish the credibility of his contacts, and
thereby his influence, by arranging a meeting between the victim and "government
officials" in real or fake government offices.
In the next stage some alleged problem concerning the "inside man" will
suddenly arise. An official will demand an up-front bribe or an unforeseen tax
or fee to the Nigerian government will have to be paid before the money can be
transferred. These can include licensing fees, registration fees, and various
forms of taxes and attorney fees. Normally each fee paid is described as the
very last fee required. Invariably, oversights and errors in the deal are
discovered by the Nigerians, necessitating additional payments and allowing the
scheme to be stretched out over many months.
5 Rules for doing business with Nigeria
NEVER pay anything up front for ANY reason.
NEVER extend credit for ANY reason.
NEVER do ANYTHING until their check clears.
NEVER expect ANY help from the Nigerian Government.
NEVER rely on YOUR government to bail you out.
Click here to read an example Nigerian 419 Letter.
What to do if you receive a letter like this:
If you have received a letter, but have not lost any monies to this scheme,
please fax a copy of that letter to the U.S. Secret Service on (202)
406-5031.
If you are outside the United States, you should report it to your local
authorities and send documentation via fax to the U.S. Secret Service.
The U.S. Secret Service has instructed anyone in the US who has lost funds
because of this scam to forward appropriate written documentation to:
U.S. Secret Service
[Back to Top]
Example Nigerian 419 Letter
Lagos, Nigeria.
Attention: The President/CEO
Dear Sir,
Confidential Business Proposal
Having consulted with my colleagues and based on the information gathered
from the Nigerian Chambers Of Commerce And Industry, I have the privilege to
request for your assistance to transfer the sum of $47,500,000.00 (forty seven
million, five hundred thousand United States dollars) into your accounts. The
above sum resulted from an over-invoiced contract, executed commissioned and
paid for about five years (5) ago by a foreign contractor. This action was
however intentional and since then the fund has been in a suspense account at
The Central Bank Of Nigeria Apex Bank.
We are now ready to transfer the fund overseas and that is where you come in.
It is important to inform you that as civil servants, we are forbidden to
operate a foreign account; that is why we require your assistance. The total sum
will be shared as follows: 70% for us, 25% for you and 5% for local and
international expenses incident to the transfer.
The transfer is risk free on both sides. I am an accountant with the Nigerian
National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC). If you find this proposal acceptable, we
shall require the following documents:
(a) your banker's name, telephone, account and fax numbers.
(b) your private telephone and fax numbers -- for confidentiality and easy
communication.
(c) your letter-headed paper stamped and signed.
Alternatively we will furnish you with the text of what to type into your
letter-headed paper, along with a breakdown explaining, comprehensively what we
require of you. The business will take us thirty (30) working days to
accomplish.
Please reply urgently.
Best regards
Nigerian 419
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fraudulent emails should be forwarded to our Investigation Team at:
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BORDER-BOTTOM: #99cc01 5px solid; WIDTH: 100%; FLOAT: left
}
#header A#logo {
PADDING-BOTTOM: 50px; DISPLAY: block
}
#header IMG {
FLOAT: left
}
#mainnav {
WIDTH: 750px; FLOAT: right
}
#mainnav UL {
PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px 0px 2px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px;
BACKGROUND: url(/images/corner.gif) #069 no-repeat left top; FLOAT: right; PADDING-TOP: 0px
}
#mainnav LI {
BORDER-LEFT: #fff 2px solid; LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none; MARGIN: 0px 0px 0px -2px; FLOAT: left;
LIST-STYLE-IMAGE: none
}
#mainnav LI A {
PADDING-BOTTOM: 6px; PADDING-LEFT: 8px; PADDING-RIGHT: 8px; DISPLAY: block; COLOR: #fff;
FONT-WEIGHT: bold; TEXT-DECORATION: none; PADDING-TOP: 6px
}
#mainnav LI A:hover {
COLOR: #8cc53a !important
}
#maincontent {
PADDING-BOTTOM: 10px; PADDING-LEFT: 10px; WIDTH: 100%; PADDING-RIGHT: 10px; BACKGROUND:
url(/images/gradient.gif) #fff repeat-x left top; PADDING-TOP: 0px
}
#crumb {
}
#crumb P {
PADDING-BOTTOM: 2px; MARGIN: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; COLOR: #aaa;
FONT-SIZE: 0.9em; PADDING-TOP: 2px
}
#crumb A {
COLOR: #aaa
}
#supportingcontent {
BORDER-LEFT: #c2c2c2 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #fff; WIDTH: 199px; OVERFLOW: hidden;
PADDING-TOP: 0px
}
#supportingcontent H2 {
FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; FONT-SIZE: 1.2em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold
}
#footer-wrapper {
POSITION: relative; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #fff
}
#footer {
BACKGROUND: url(/images/footer_green.gif) #069 repeat-y right top; COLOR: #fff; FONT-SIZE:
0.9em
}
#footer P {
PADDING-BOTTOM: 6px; MARGIN: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 10px; PADDING-RIGHT: 10px; PADDING-TOP: 6px
}
#utilities {
POSITION: absolute; TOP: 5px; RIGHT: 10px
}
#utilities UL {
PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; FLOAT: right;
PADDING-TOP: 0px
}
#utilities UL LI {
PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none; MARGIN: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 20px; PADDING-RIGHT:
0px; FLOAT: left; LIST-STYLE-IMAGE: none; PADDING-TOP: 0px
}
#utilities A {
COLOR: #333; TEXT-DECORATION: none
}
#utilities A:hover {
TEXT-DECORATION: underline
}
UL#legal {
POSITION: absolute; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT:
0px; FLOAT: right; TOP: 5px; RIGHT: 210px; PADDING-TOP: 0px
}
#legal LI {
PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none; MARGIN: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 20px; PADDING-RIGHT:
0px; FLOAT: left; LIST-STYLE-IMAGE: none; PADDING-TOP: 0px
}
#legal A {
COLOR: #fff; TEXT-DECORATION: none
}
#legal A:hover {
TEXT-DECORATION: underline
}
FORM#search {
POSITION: absolute; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT:
0px; TOP: 18px; RIGHT: 10px; PADDING-TOP: 0px
}
FORM#search LABEL {
FLOAT: none; FONT-WEIGHT: bold
}
#cms {
POSITION: absolute; TOP: 0px; RIGHT: 10px; FONT-WEIGHT: bold
}
#cms A {
COLOR: red
}
#content {
BACKGROUND: url(/images/subnav_gradient.gif) #fff repeat-x left bottom
}
#subnav {
PADDING-LEFT: 0px; WIDTH: 180px; RIGHT: 210px; BORDER-RIGHT: #c2c2c2 1px solid;
PADDING-TOP: 10px
}
#nav H3 {
PADDING-BOTTOM: 10px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-TOP:
10px
}
#nav UL {
PADDING-BOTTOM: 20px; MARGIN: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px
}
#nav LI {
BORDER-BOTTOM: #fff 1px dotted; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none; MARGIN: 0px;
PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; LIST-STYLE-IMAGE: none; PADDING-TOP: 0px
}
#nav A {
PADDING-BOTTOM: 2px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; DISPLAY: block; COLOR: #0285a1;
TEXT-DECORATION: none; PADDING-TOP: 2px
}
#nav A:hover {
COLOR: #9c0
}
#nav UL UL {
PADDING-LEFT: 15px
}
#nav LI.category A {
FONT-WEIGHT: normal
}
#nav LI.thiscategory LI.category A {
FONT-WEIGHT: normal
}
#nav LI.thiscategory LI.content A {
FONT-WEIGHT: normal
}
#nav LI.thiscategory A {
FONT-WEIGHT: bold
}
#nav LI.content A {
FONT-WEIGHT: normal
}
#nav LI.thiscontent A {
FONT-WEIGHT: bold
}
#intro {
PADDING-BOTTOM: 20px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 20px
}
#intro H1 {
FONT-SIZE: 24px
}
#intro H1.rightalign {
FONT-STYLE: italic; COLOR: #9c0
}
#verticals {
WIDTH: 100%; FLOAT: left
}
#verticals DIV.infobox {
WIDTH: 32%; FLOAT: left; MARGIN-RIGHT: 1%
}
.infobox H4 {
PADDING-BOTTOM: 6px; PADDING-LEFT: 8px; PADDING-RIGHT: 8px; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Arial,
Helvetica, sans-serif; BACKGROUND: url(/images/corner.gif) #069 no-repeat left top; COLOR: #fff
!important; FONT-SIZE: 1.1em !important; PADDING-TOP: 6px
}
.infobox UL {
BORDER-BOTTOM: #b5b5b5 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #b5b5b5 1px solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 10px;
MARGIN: 0px; MIN-HEIGHT: 110px; PADDING-LEFT: 20px; PADDING-RIGHT: 10px; BORDER-RIGHT: #b5b5b5 1px
solid; PADDING-TOP: 10px
}
.infobox UL LI {
FONT-WEIGHT: bold
}
#alertspoll {
CLEAR: left; PADDING-TOP: 20px
}
#alertlist {
WIDTH: 66%; FLOAT: left
}
#poll {
BORDER-LEFT: #b5b5b5 1px solid; WIDTH: 33%; FLOAT: left
}
#alertlist H2 {
MARGIN: 0px 0px 8px 10px
}
#poll H2 {
MARGIN: 0px 0px 8px 10px
}
#poll P {
MARGIN: 0px 0px 8px 10px
}
#alertlist UL {
PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 10px; PADDING-RIGHT: 10px; PADDING-TOP: 0px
}
#alertlist LI {
LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none; LIST-STYLE-IMAGE: none
}
#alertlist P {
MARGIN-RIGHT: 10px
}
#poll UL {
PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px
}
#alertstats TABLE {
BORDER-BOTTOM: #069 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #069 1px solid; WIDTH: 100%; BORDER-RIGHT: #069
1px solid
}
#alertstats TABLE TD {
PADDING-BOTTOM: 4px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #d8ed9e; PADDING-LEFT: 4px; PADDING-RIGHT: 4px;
PADDING-TOP: 4px
}
#alertstats TABLE TD.right {
TEXT-ALIGN: right; WHITE-SPACE: nowrap
}
#reportfraud {
BORDER-TOP: #ccc 1px solid
}
#reportfraud A {
FONT: 10px Arial
}
#supportingcontent H3 {
MARGIN-LEFT: 10px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 10px
}
#supportingcontent P {
MARGIN-LEFT: 10px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 10px
}
#alertsearch LABEL {
WIDTH: 120px
}
.button {
BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-LEFT: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 1; PADDING-RIGHT: 15px; BACKGROUND:
url(/images/bg-button.gif) #069 no-repeat right top; HEIGHT: 18px; COLOR: #fff; OVERFLOW: hidden;
BORDER-TOP: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT: 0px
}
UL#slideshow {
POSITION: relative; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 1em 0px 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px;
PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; DISPLAY: none; HEIGHT: 250px; BORDER-TOP: #ccc 1px solid; PADDING-TOP: 1em
}
UL#slideshow LI.slide {
POSITION: absolute; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none; MARGIN: 0px; PADDING-LEFT:
0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; DISPLAY: block; LIST-STYLE-IMAGE: none; PADDING-TOP: 0px
}
UL#slideshow LI.slide H3 {
FONT-SIZE: 1.3em
}
UL#slideshow LI.first {
DISPLAY: block
}
#rssLink {
MARGIN: 5px 5px 0px; WIDTH: 150px; DISPLAY: inline; BACKGROUND: #fff; FLOAT: right
}
#rssLink .inner {
BORDER-BOTTOM: #006699 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #006699 1px solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 5px;
PADDING-LEFT: 5px; PADDING-RIGHT: 5px; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: #006699 1px solid;
PADDING-TOP: 5px
}
#homepagedesc {
DISPLAY: block; PADDING-TOP: 10px
}
#verticals {
MARGIN-TOP: 20px; CLEAR: both
}
.pullout {
POSITION: relative; WIDTH: 32%; BACKGROUND: url(/images/green_right_corner.gif) #99cc01
no-repeat right bottom; FLOAT: left; HEIGHT: 90px; OVERFLOW: hidden; MARGIN-RIGHT: 1%
}
.pullout H2 {
PADDING-BOTTOM: 5px; FONT-STYLE: italic; MARGIN: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; PADDING-RIGHT:
5px; COLOR: #fff; FONT-SIZE: 2em; PADDING-TOP: 5px
}
.pullout P {
POSITION: absolute; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; WIDTH: 95%;
BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 5px; COLOR: #fff; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; PADDING-TOP: 0px
}
#pullouts {
POSITION: relative; DISPLAY: block; CLEAR: both
}
#fraudwatch .infobox {
POSITION: relative; WIDTH: 32%; FLOAT: left; MARGIN-RIGHT: 1%
}
#fraudwatch .infobox UL {
BORDER-BOTTOM: #b5b5b5 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #b5b5b5 1px solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 10px;
LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none; MARGIN: 0px; MIN-HEIGHT: 110px; PADDING-LEFT: 20px; PADDING-RIGHT: 100px;
LIST-STYLE-IMAGE: none; BORDER-RIGHT: #b5b5b5 1px solid; PADDING-TOP: 10px
}
#fraudwatch .infobox IMG {
POSITION: absolute; TOP: 48px; RIGHT: 3px
}
#topleftbox H3 {
FONT-SIZE: 2em
}
#topleftbox H4 {
MARGIN-TOP: 20px; FONT-SIZE: 1.5em
}
@import url( fraudwatch/screen.css );
#skip {
DISPLAY: none
}
#search {
DISPLAY: none
}
#footer UL {
DISPLAY: none
}
#spau {
DISPLAY: none
}
P.more {
DISPLAY: none
}
#crumb {
DISPLAY: none
}
#content {
PADDING-BOTTOM: 30px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 30px
}
A {
COLOR: #036 !important; TEXT-DECORATION: none
}
#masthead {
BORDER-BOTTOM: #036 1px solid
}
#footer {
BORDER-TOP: #036 1px solid
}
.sIFR-flash {
POSITION: absolute; WIDTH: 0px; DISPLAY: none !important; HEIGHT: 0px; OVERFLOW: hidden
}
OBJECT {
POSITION: absolute; WIDTH: 0px; DISPLAY: none !important; HEIGHT: 0px; OVERFLOW: hidden
}
EMBED {
POSITION: absolute; WIDTH: 0px; DISPLAY: none !important; HEIGHT: 0px; OVERFLOW: hidden
}
SPAN.sIFR-alternate {
POSITION: static !important; DISPLAY: block !important; VISIBILITY: visible !important;
TOP: auto !important; LEFT: auto !important
}
#skip {
DISPLAY: none
}
#search {
DISPLAY: none
}
#footer UL {
DISPLAY: none
}
#spau {
DISPLAY: none
}
P.more {
DISPLAY: none
}
#crumb {
DISPLAY: none
}
#content {
PADDING-BOTTOM: 30px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 30px
}
A {
COLOR: #036 !important; TEXT-DECORATION: none
}
#masthead {
BORDER-BOTTOM: #036 1px solid
}
#footer {
BORDER-TOP: #036 1px solid
}
.sIFR-flash {
POSITION: absolute; WIDTH: 0px; DISPLAY: none !important; HEIGHT: 0px; OVERFLOW: hidden
}
OBJECT {
POSITION: absolute; WIDTH: 0px; DISPLAY: none !important; HEIGHT: 0px; OVERFLOW: hidden
}
EMBED {
POSITION: absolute; WIDTH: 0px; DISPLAY: none !important; HEIGHT: 0px; OVERFLOW: hidden
}
SPAN.sIFR-alternate {
POSITION: static !important; DISPLAY: block !important; VISIBILITY: visible !important;
TOP: auto !important; LEFT: auto !important
}
--- End Message ---
